Bioreactor with scaffolds

ABSTRACT

A bioreactor for culturing of cells is described. Screens suitable as a cell growth scaffold may comprise crossed fibers. Screens may be contained loosely in a screen holder, which in turn may be contained inside a manifold assembly. A lower manifold, screen holder and upper manifold may have identical or similar interior open cross-sections. Flow of liquid medium can occur upwardly through the array of screens, then flowing over a weir in the presence of an air pocket, and into a moat and a pump. The screen holder may have slots whose exterior-facing ligaments are rounded, and may have grooves whose interior-facing edges are rounded. These components may be located inside an incubator suitable to maintain desired environmental conditions and cleanliness.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/686,211, filed Aug. 25, 2017, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/380,414, filed Aug. 27, 2016, the disclosures of which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention pertain to bioreactors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bioreactors are used to expand a population of cells, such as stem cells or other anchorage dependent cells. However, improvements are still desirable, such as in regard to ease of use, and automation, and reproducibility of procedures. It is also desirable to culture so as to produce large numbers of cells, such as billions of cells if possible.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one embodiment of the invention, a bioreactor system includes a reservoir container for holding a liquid medium and a manifold assembly having an upper manifold and a lower manifold that extends into the reservoir container. The bioreactor system further includes a holder that is contained within the manifold assembly and holds a plurality of fiber assemblies that are suitable for cells to grow on, and a circulation system for causing the liquid medium to flow through the lower manifold, fiber assemblies and upper manifold. The liquid medium flows through a sequence that comprises (a) one of the fiber assemblies that comprises a plurality of solid fibers that are joined to other solid fibers at crossing points with other solid fibers, followed by (b) an open region in which the liquid medium flows generally perpendicular to the one of the fiber assemblies through space not occupied by any solid object. This sequence repeats itself a plurality of times along a direction of flow of the liquid medium. The fiber assemblies are held in the holder such that the fiber assemblies do not touch any neighboring one of the fiber assemblies under static conditions and do not touch any neighboring one of the fiber assemblies under conditions of flow of the liquid medium during cell culture.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a bioreactor system includes a reservoir container for holding a liquid medium and a manifold assembly comprising an upper manifold and a lower manifold that extends into the reservoir container. The bioreactor system further includes a holder contained within the manifold assembly and holding a plurality of fiber assemblies that are suitable for cells to grow on, and a circulation system for causing the liquid medium to flow through the lower manifold, the fiber assemblies and the upper manifold. An internal cross-sectional dimension of the lower manifold below the holder, an internal cross-sectional dimension of the upper manifold above the holder, and an internal cross-sectional dimension of the holder are all substantially equal to each other. A side-to-side dimension of the fiber assembly is larger than a corresponding inside dimension of the holder, and the side-to-side dimension of the fiber assembly is smaller than a corresponding inside dimension of the manifold assembly in which the holder resides.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a method of culturing cells includes a first step of providing a bioreactor, the bioreactor including a reservoir container for holding a liquid medium, a manifold assembly having an upper manifold and a lower manifold that has a lower end extending into the reservoir container, a holder contained within the manifold assembly and holding a plurality of fiber assemblies that are suitable for cells to grow on, and a circulation system for causing the liquid medium to flow through the lower manifold, the fiber assemblies and the upper manifold. The liquid medium flows through a sequence that comprises (a) one of said fiber assemblies that comprises a plurality of solid fibers that are joined to other solid fibers at crossing points with other solid fibers, followed by (b) an open region in which the liquid medium flows generally perpendicular to the one of the fiber assemblies through space not occupied by any solid object. The sequence repeats itself a plurality of times along a direction of flow of the liquid medium. The fiber assemblies are held in the holder such that the fiber assemblies do not touch any neighboring one of the fiber assemblies under static conditions and do not touch any neighboring one of the fiber assemblies under conditions of flow of the liquid medium during cell culture. An internal cross-sectional dimension of the lower manifold below the holder, an internal cross-sectional dimension of the upper manifold above the holder, and an internal cross-sectional dimension of the holder are all substantially equal to each other. A side-to-side dimension of the fiber assembly is larger than a corresponding inside dimension of the holder, and the side-to-side dimension of the fiber assembly is smaller than a corresponding inside dimension of the manifold assembly in which said holder resides. The method includes the further steps of seeding cells onto the fiber assemblies, operating the circulation system under conditions appropriate for the cells to multiply into a plurality of cultured cells, and harvesting the cultured cells from the bioreactor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention are further described but are in no way limited by the following illustrations.

FIG. 1A shows an overall layout of some of the major components of a bioreactor of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1B shows the components of FIG. 1A in cross-section.

FIG. 2A shows an assembly, in cross-section, comprising the lower manifold and the upper manifold.

FIG. 2B shows the same assembly as FIG. 2A, with the upper manifold highlighted.

FIG. 2C shows the same assembly as FIG. 2A, with the lower manifold highlighted.

FIG. 3A is a three-dimensional view showing a screen holder, without screens.

FIG. 3B is a three-dimensional view showing the screen holder of FIG. 3A, exploded.

FIG. 3C is a three-dimensional view showing the screen holder with screens in it. For clarity of illustration, one part of the screen holder is colored differently from the other part.

FIG. 3D is a three-dimensional view showing the screen holder of FIG. 3C with one part of the screen holder missing in order to better show the screens.

FIG. 3E is a three-dimensional view showing the screen holder of FIG. 3D with some of the screens missing.

FIG. 4A is a view of the closure piece of the screen holder, showing rounded entrances of slots in the screen holder.

FIG. 4B is another view of the closure piece of the screen holder, from a different perspective.

FIG. 4C is a view of a local region of the closure piece.

FIG. 5A shows a screen made according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5B shows a closer view of a similar screen.

FIG. 5C illustrates spacing parameters of the screens such as those in FIGS. 5A and 5B.

FIG. 5D illustrates more specifically the placement of fibers within a screen, and their staggering.

FIG. 6A illustrates a possible leakage flowpath.

FIG. 6B illustrates places where liquid medium is present during typical operation of the system.

FIG. 7A illustrates the three-sided piece that is part of the screen holder, so as to illustrate positioning slots.

FIG. 7B is a cutaway view illustrating the three-sided piece of FIG. 7A, together with a pusher accessory.

FIG. 7C illustrates the pusher accessory.

FIG. 7D illustrates a recess and boss for engagement of the screen holder with the upper manifold.

FIG. 8 illustrates details of seals.

FIG. 9 illustrates placement of two bioreactors of embodiments of the invention within an incubator.

FIG. 10A illustrates flowpaths of various gases and liquids including into and out of the incubator and into and out of a reservoir container and manifold assembly.

FIG. 10B illustrates a showerhead connected to the reservoir container.

FIG. 11 shows an overall layout of a bioreactor of another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 shows an overall fluid flow path within the bioreactor.

FIG. 13 shows a reservoir base including several recesses.

FIG. 14 shows the riser conduit and nearby components.

FIG. 15 shows an exploded view of the rotor chamber and rotor.

FIGS. 16A-16C show various views of the rotor.

FIG. 17 shows details pertaining to the levels of surfaces of liquids in the bioreactor.

FIG. 18 shows a filler structure inside the riser conduit.

FIG. 19A shows results of Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling of the overall system at a first flowrate of liquid.

FIG. 19B shows results of Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling of the overall system at a second flowrate of liquid.

FIG. 19C shows results of Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling of the overall system at a third flowrate of liquid.

FIG. 20 shows results of Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling near individual screens. 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One phenomenon that is important in cell culture is the limiting distance for diffusion of nutrients and waste products during growth and maintenance of cells and tissue. Tissue in living organisms organizes itself so that cells are never separated by more than a certain distance from a blood vessel or transport path. The maximum distance for cells to be located away from a transport vessel such as a blood vessel is about several hundred microns. In the design of bioreactors, an important consideration is to provide a geometry in which cells are never separated from liquid medium by a distance greater than several hundred microns.

Another phenomenon that is relevant to isolated cells surrounded by liquid is motion of the cells through the liquid. The physical properties (density, viscosity) of a liquid culture medium typically similar to the physical properties of water. Cells that are loose in a liquid culture medium are slightly denser than the density of the liquid culture medium that surrounds them, which causes the cells to fall or sink downward under the influence of gravity. If a cell is considered to be a sphere moving in a viscous liquid, the situation is described by Stokes' Law. In this situation, the settling velocity, V, is given by

V=(ρ_(cell)−ρ_(fluid))*g*D ²/(18*μ)

where D is the diameter of the sphere, (ρ_(cell)−ρ_(fluid)) is the difference in density between the sphere and the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and p is the viscosity of the fluid. This equation is valid for conditions of laminar flow.

Another consideration in cell culture is to provide a gaseous atmosphere in the incubator. which results dissolved gas in the cell culture medium, containing sufficient oxygen and also containing carbon dioxide in a desired concentration of about 20% and 5% respectively, and having a desired relative humidity such as about 95%. Yet another consideration is to provide a desired temperature such as approximately normal human body temperature, such as 37.0 C.

Another consideration in cell culture is the shear stress due to liquid that may be flowing past the cells that are attached to or in the process of attaching to a substrate or cell culture scaffold. It is desirable that such shear stress not exceed a certain value, so as not to dislodge the cells from the substrate or scaffold. It is believed to be especially important that the shear stress be small during the early stages of cell seeding in a bioreactor, when cells are still in the process of forming an attachment to the substrate or scaffold. For mesenchymal stem cells, it is believed to be desirable to keep the local shear stress under 0.1 Pa.

Herein, a first embodiment of the invention is described in which the cells are statically seeded onto the scaffolds that are in the form of screens, and the screens are then mounted inside a bioreactor, where liquid medium perfuses through the screens generally perpendicular to the screens.

Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, there is illustrated a bioreactor 10 of an embodiment of the invention. The bioreactor 10 may comprise a reservoir container 60 suitable to hold a desired quantity of a liquid medium. The bioreactor 10 may also comprise a reservoir cover 62 corresponding to reservoir container 60. The reservoir cover 62 may attach to the reservoir container 60 by a snap or other suitable fastener or attachment. The reservoir cover 62 may have an opening 64 therethrough suitable to receive a flow structure extending through the opening 64 and suitable to extend below a surface of liquid medium in the reservoir container 60. The flow structure may comprise, as illustrated, various pieces that fit together and may receive or enclose a screen holder 200. The screen holder 200 in turn may hold screens 300 upon which cells reside and grow. The array of screens 300 can be referred to as a culture structure.

Upper Manifold and Lower Manifold

Referring more specifically to FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C, the flow structure may comprise a manifold assembly that comprises lower manifold 82 and an upper manifold 86. Lower manifold 82 and an upper manifold 86 may fit together with each other, and in combination may surround and enclose screen holder 200. Lower manifold 82 may extend downward into reservoir container 60 sufficiently so that the bottom end of lower manifold 82 may extend below a desired level of liquid medium that is stored in the reservoir container 60.

The interior of lower manifold 82 may be generally close-fitting with respect to the exterior of screen holder 200. Lower manifold 82 may have a ledge 84. Screen holder 200 may rest upon ledge 84, but screen holder may also be able to move slightly upward in the vertical direction.

Upper manifold 86 may be suitable to fit together with lower manifold 82. Upper manifold 86 may define an internal passageway therethrough that is in fluid communication with the interior of lower manifold 82 and with the interior of screen holder 200 if screen holder 200 is present inside lower manifold 82. Upper manifold 86 may have an internal that is of similar shape to the interior of lower manifold 82. The interior of upper manifold 86 and the interior of screen holder 200 may be of similar or identical shape and dimensions so that changes of cross-sectional flow area and changes of flow direction are small or non-existent as flow goes through lower manifold 82 and then through screen holder 200 and then through upper manifold 86.

Upper manifold 86 may have, above the location where it interfaces with lower manifold 82, an upper end that is weir or overflow wall 112. Weir 112 may be a generally horizontal edge defining a perimeter of the passageway through upper manifold 86. When liquid is present and flowing in the system with an air space in the upper portion of upper manifold 86, weir 112 may define a liquid level of liquid inside upper manifold 86 and related components. External of weir 112 may be a moat 116 may have a bottom that is at a lower elevation than the top of weir 112. Moat 116 may be suitable to receive and contain liquid that overflows weir 112. Moat 116 may further have a sump 118, which may be a localized depression that is smaller than moat 116 and is at a lower elevation than other parts of moat 116. There may further be provided, in fluid communication with sump 118, an exit passageway by which liquid medium may exit to other parts of a fluid circuit.

Upper manifold 86 may engage with lower manifold 82 in a slideable manner that is guided by a feature of upper manifold 86 being parallel to, of similar shape, and of similar dimensions but allowing enough looseness for motion, with respect to a corresponding feature of lower manifold 82. As illustrated, the feature of upper manifold 86 is located outwardly with respect to the feature of lower manifold 82. Upper manifold 86 may have a contact with lower manifold 82 that limits the motion of upper manifold 86 toward lower manifold 82, forming a stop constraint. Alternatively, it is possible that motion of upper manifold 86 and lower manifold 82 toward each other could be stopped when an appropriate surface (which may be flat) of upper manifold 86 makes contact with an upper surface of screen holder 200, and correspondingly a lower surface of screen holder 200 makes contact with an appropriate surface (which may be flat) of lower manifold 82.

There may also be provided a top cover 130 that covers the top of upper manifold 86. Top cover 130 may be at least approximately a flat plate. If desired, top cover 130 may have stiffening ribs. Top cover 130 may be permanently joined to upper manifold 86 and, there may also be provided a seal between top cover 130 and upper manifold 86. It would alternatively be possible if desired to provide some form of fastener connecting top cover 130 and upper manifold 86.

As illustrated, opening 64 through reservoir cover 62 may have a raised edge or lip 68 surrounding it, and lower manifold 82 may have a flange 83 surrounding lower manifold 82 on its exterior. Flange 83 may rest upon raised edge or lip 68 to define a spatial relationship between lower manifold 82 and reservoir cover 62. Raised edge or lip 68 may provide that if any condensation of liquid water occurs on reservoir cover 62, and if such condensate is not sterile, such condensate can be prevented from dripping into reservoir container 60. Such condensate may be confined to the top (external) surface of reservoir cover 62. Various designs of such lip are possible.

Seals and Clamps

Lower manifold 82 may have a lower manifold seal groove 92 that is suitable to contain a compressible seal 94 for creating a seal between lower manifold 82 and upper manifold 86. This compressible seal 94 is illustrated as having a shape, in cross-section, that is rectangular with deformable triangular fingers on one surface. Of course, other cross-sectional shapes are also possible. Preload between upper manifold 86 and lower manifold 82 may be created by clamping devices, which may be over-center type clamping devices. Two such clamping devices 97A, 97B are illustrated. When the described stop situation is reached based on position of upper manifold 86 and lower manifold 82 relative to each other, compressible seal 94 may occupy a compressed configuration.

Upper manifold 86 may have an upper manifold seal groove 96 that is suitable for holding a compressible seal member 98 for creating a seal between upper manifold 86 and top cover 130. This compressible seal member 98 is illustrated as being a typical O-ring. Preload between top cover 130 and upper manifold 86 may be created by snaps (not illustrated), clamps (not illustrated) or any other appropriate design features. Another possibility is that top cover 130 can be permanently joined to upper manifold 86 such as by adhesive.

Screen Holder

In an embodiment of the invention, the screens 300 may be held by a screen holder 200. The screen holder 200 is illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3E and FIGS. 4A-4C. Screen holder 200 may hold a desired number of screens in a desired spaced position and orientation. The screen holder 200 illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3E and FIGS. 4A-4C holds 15 screens 300. It may be desirable that the number of screens be not much larger than approximately 15 in order to avoid creating gradients of oxygen concentration in the liquid medium during operation of the bioreactor.

In general, screen holder 200 may surround a hollow interior space and may be any of various shapes such as round, rectangular, etc. As illustrated, the screen holder 200 (on both its both interior and its exterior) has the general shape of a rectangle with rounded corners. The screens 300 held by the illustrated screen holder 200 are rectangular. For sake of convenience in description, screen holder 200 is described here using directional designations such as front and back, sides, and horizontal and vertical, which generally correspond to their orientation or position as illustrated in the assembled bioreactor 10. However, it may be understood that these directional designations are somewhat arbitrary.

When screens 300 are in place in screen holder 200, there may be a desired amount of space in the vertical direction between a screen 300 and its nearest neighbor screen. In the bioreactor 10 as illustrated, the flow of the liquid medium can be generally perpendicular to the flat surface of screens 300, flowing through the open spaces in the screen 300.

A cell culture region could contain, for example, approximately 15 such screens 300 spaced apart from each other by a sufficient distance so that the screens do not touch each other and some sideways flow of liquid medium is possible if necessary.

Screen holder 200 could be of a hollow simple shape some of which forms a complete perimeter, with the shape being a shape such as round or rectangular (possibly with rounded corners). In general, it is possible that screen holder 200 could be made as a single piece, such as by an additive manufacturing process. However, perhaps more typically screen holder 200 could be made out of two pieces, such as two pieces of molded plastic, that join together with each other. It is illustrated that screen holder 200 is made of two inter-engaging pieces. The screen holder 200 may comprise a three-sided piece 220 and a closure piece 240 that is engageable with the three-sided piece 220. The three-sided piece 220 may comprise, in sequence, a first side segment 222A, a rear segment 222B and a second side segment 222C opposed to the first side segment 222A. The closure piece 240 may comprise at least one segment, which may be considered a front segment 242B. As illustrated, the closure piece 240 may additionally comprise a first side segment 242A and a second side segment 242C. Thus, in sequence, there is a first side segment 242A, a front segment 242B and a second side segment 242C. The first side segment 242A may be engageable with the first side segment 222A, and the second side segment 242C may be engageable with the second side segment 222C. However, it is also possible that the closure piece 240 might comprise only a front segment 242B. As illustrated, front segment 242B and rear segment 222B are substantially parallel to each other, and first side segment 222A and second side segment 222C are substantially parallel to each other and first side segment 242A and second side segment 242C are substantially parallel to each other. However, other spatial relationships are also possible.

The engagement features may comprise deformable tabs 800, and further may comprise an opening 224A in first side segment 222A and a similar opening 224C in second side segment 222C, with the openings 224A and 224C being appropriately designed to engage with tabs 800. The tabs 800 may be elastically deformable between an engagement position as illustrated, and a release position in which the deformable tabs 800 are bent inward sufficiently to create disengagement. The tabs 800 may comprise living hinges, and it is further possible that elasticity elsewhere in the closure piece 240 may also contribute to changes of dimension or shape so as to permit or assist in achieving disengagement.

Screen holder 200 may have an upper edge and a lower edge that may be flat, and which may be parallel to each other.

Slots and Grooves in Screen Bolder, and Rounded Edges Near Slots and Grooves

The screen holder 200 may comprise various grooves and slots that define locations of screens 300 and provide mechanical support for screens 300. As illustrated, screen holder 200 is able to hold 15 of the screens 300, but of course other numbers of screens 300 are also possible. The spacing distance between screens 300 may be chosen from a combination of considerations such as patterns of fluid flow between screens 300, and desired overall packing density of cells in the cell culture region of bioreactor 10.

If screen holder 200 were made as a single piece (similar to what is illustrated but with the three-sided piece 220 and the closure piece 240 joined together), it would be possible to insert and remove screens 200 into or from screen holder 200. This can be done from a sideways direction.

In the screen holder 200 as described and illustrated, it is possible to insert and remove screens 300 into or from screen holder 200 when three-sided piece 220 and closure piece 240 are already assembled to each other, without disassembling those pieces from each other. This can be done from a sideways direction. As illustrated, first side segment 222A has grooves 170, and second side segment 222C has grooves 170. Rear segment 222B has grooves 170. Front segment 242B has slots through which screens 300 may pass without disassembly of screen holder 200. The grooves 170 may be substantially coplanar with each other and may have similar or identical dimensions to each other in the vertical direction. Slots 180 may be parallel to or coplanar with at least some of grooves 170. The vertical dimensions and elevations of slots 180 may be identical to those of grooves 170, although it is sufficient if the vertical dimensions and elevations are simply generally similar to each other. These various features may combine and interact so that when screen holder 200 is assembled, it is possible for screens 300 to be slid into place through slot 180 and to be supported by grooves 170, as well as by slot 180. The desired spacing or separation between screens 300 is maintained by the material of screen holder 200 near grooves 170, and by the material of screen holder 200 (ligaments) that exist between slots 180.

As illustrated, closure piece 240 has three sides, with two of the sides 242A, 242C being short. One side wall of screen holder 200 comprises both first side segment 222A and first side segment 242A, and similarly the other side wall comprises both second side segment 222C and second side segment 242C. As illustrated, even tabs 800 contain grooves that are continuous with grooves 170 in the corresponding adjacent side segments. However, it can be understood that various other designs are also possible.

As illustrated, grooves 170 in first side segment 222A and first side segment 242A are substantially sharp-edged. The same is true for grooves 170 in second side segment 222C and second side segment 242C. However, it can be understood that other geometries are also possible.

On a front portion of the screen holder 200, the separators or ligaments of remaining material may be such that there are rounded edges face generally exteriorly of the screen holder 200. This can be helpful in guiding screens 300 into slots 180 during initial insertion of the screens 300 into slots 180. The rounded edges may be hemicylindrical. Such rounded edges can also be helpful in guiding screens 300 into slots 180 if it happens that any of the screens 300 are not perfectly planar, such as being slightly warped out-of-plane.

At a rear portion of the screen holder 200, separators between individual screens 300 may be such that there are rounded edges face generally toward the interior of the screen holder 200. This can be helpful in guiding screens 300 into desired positions when screens 300 are being inserted into screen holder 200, such as near the end of the insertion process. The rounded edges may be hemicylindrical. The rounded edges may be hemicylindrical. Such rounded edges can also be helpful in guiding screens 300 into grooves 170 if it happens that any of the screens 300 are not perfectly planar, such as being slightly warped out-of-plane.

The separators at the front portion of the screen holder 200 may define slots through which the screens 300 may pass. The separators at the rear portion of the screen holder 200 may define grooves into which the screens 300 may enter but through which it is impossible for screens 300 to pass.

In the case of both the rounded edges of the slots 180 and the rounded edges of grooves 170, a hemicylindrical curvature is only one of various possible curvatures. A fillet having some other desired radius is also possible. Such radius could be either less than or greater than the radius of the hemicylinder. Other shapes of curves are also possible. Variation of curvature along the length of the slot 180 or groove 170 is also possible.

Design of Screens

In embodiments of the invention, and referring now to FIGS. 5A-SD, the bioreactor 10 may have, within the culture region, an array of screens 300, which serve as tissue scaffolds for cells such as anchorage-dependent cells to grow upon. The individual screens 300 themselves may comprise a number of layers of fibers 400, with the fibers 400 having orientations that are perpendicular to the orientations of fibers in an adjacent layer. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the number of layers of such fibers 400 in an individual screen 300 may, for example, be four or five or six layers.

Typical dimensional parameters of such screens 300 could be a fiber diameter of 150 microns and a fiber spacing (as defined in FIG. 5C) of 200 microns, with that dimension referring to the distance from an edge of one fiber to the nearest edge of the nearest fiber in the same plane. Fibers 400 in one layer may be staggered relative to fibers 400 that are parallel to them and are located in a different layer of the screen 300, or alternatively there does not have to be staggering. The fibers 400 may be spaced apart from each other by appropriate distances such that during initial cell seeding, the cells deposit on fibers 400 and do not touch cells on adjacent fibers 400. However, the spacing of the fibers 400 may be such that after some number of cell multiplications, cells growing on nearby fibers 400 may contact or grow against each other (a situation known as confluence).

More particularly, the fibers 400 may exist in two mutually perpendicular directions and may be staggered in both of those two mutually perpendicular directions. This is further illustrated in FIG. 5D. Each screen may comprise a plurality of fibers forming a first layer having parallel fibers oriented in a first direction and may comprise a second layer having a plurality of parallel fibers oriented in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction, the fibers in the second layer being joined to the fibers in the first layer. At least some of the screens comprise a plurality of fibers, and within an individual one of the screens, the fibers are arranged in sequence in at least first, second, third and fourth layers, the fibers within each of the layers being generally parallel to each other, wherein fibers in the first layer are generally parallel to fibers in the third layer and fibers in the second layer are generally parallel to fibers in the fourth layer, and wherein when viewed perpendicular to a flat surface of the screen, fibers of the third layer are located non-aligned with fibers of the first layer and fibers of the fourth layer are located non-aligned with fibers of the second layer. More specifically, with respect to this viewing direction, the fibers may be located midway between the parallel fibers that they are not aligned with. Such configuration can help to prevent cells from falling through the screen, especially during initial seeding, while still providing space for liquid medium to occupy and flow through, and providing space for cells to grow into as the cells multiply.

A screen 300 may have a particular number of layers, such as four layers, with media available at both surfaces of the four-layer construct, for contacting cells, and media also available in openings that exist between layers. It is believed that all of the features of this situation more closely resemble what occurs in natural tissues, which can be termed a three-dimensional environment. It is believed that the three-dimensional situation of embodiments of the invention is more conducive to cell multiplication and expansion than is a two-dimensional environment. However, it is not wished to be limited to this explanation.

The screens 300 may be formed by a programmed deposition of heated filaments of polymer, similar to what is described in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 8,463,418. The polymer may be a suitable biocompatible polymer such as polystyrene. The screen 300 as described is non-woven. Alternatively, screen 300 may be woven if desired. The overall shape of the screen 300 may be flat and rectangular.

In some prior art cell culturing techniques such as Petri dishes, a layer of cells grows on a flat surface and experiences an environment that is essentially two-dimensional. Even if there is adequate supply of nutrients and removal of waste products in this situation, such a two-dimensional environment is by inherently different from the environment in which cells naturally grow, which is a three-dimensional environment.

In embodiments of the invention, cells seed by attaching onto individual fibers of the screen. The fiber-to-fiber dimension of the screen may be large enough that when isolated cells initially attach to the fibers, at least some of the cells generally do not touch other cells. After cells have multiplied, and perhaps created several layers of cells where initially only one layer of cells was attached to a fiber, it is possible that the outermost cells may still be independent of the next fiber or it is possible that some of the new cells may touch other cells that are attached to other fibers, i.e., some bridging of fibers may occur (referred to as confluence). In embodiments of the invention, a screen may have a particular number of layers of fibers, such as four layers. with media available at both surfaces of the four-layer construct, for contacting cells. At any rate, it is believed that all of the features of this situation more closely resemble what occurs in natural tissues, which can be termed a three-dimensional environment. It is believed that the three-dimensional situation of embodiments of the invention is more conducive to cell multiplication and expansion than is a two-dimensional environment. However, it is not wished to be limited to this explanation.

A cell culture region could contain, for example, approximately 10 to 15 such scaffolds spaced apart from each other by a sufficient distance so that the screens do not touch each other and liquid can flow between the scaffolds.

In terms of biological parameters, a screen used with an embodiment of the invention may have an area (length dimension*width dimension) of about 7000 mm 2, and the portion of that screen exposed to perfusion (excluding the edges that are in grooves or slots) may have an area of about 6300 mm 2. This screen may be formed of four layers of fibers, with the layers alternating in direction as described elsewhere herein. On such a screen there may be deposited an initial seeding of about 800,000 cells, so that if 12 screens are used, the population of seeded cells is 9.6 million cells. At the end of culturing, that cell population has expanded to about 250 million cells. Flow of liquid media speed based on the empty space in the screen, for dynamic culturing, can be approximately 2 cm/min. It is believed that a flow velocity of 1.6 mm/sec, based on the empty space for passage of liquid through the screen, will produce a maximum shear stress, at the edge of a fiber in the screen, of 0.1 Pa, and it is believed to be desirable that for mesenchymal stem cells the shear stress should stay below this value.

Dimensional Considerations Affecting Flow

In embodiments of the invention, the general direction of flow of the liquid medium may be perpendicular to and through the screens 300, which as illustrated is vertically upward.

In embodiments of the invention, cells seed by attaching onto individual fibers 400 of the screen 300. The fiber-to-fiber dimension of the screen 300 may be large enough that when isolated cells initially attach to the fibers 400, they generally do not touch other cells. After cells have multiplied, and perhaps created several layers of cells attached to a fiber 400 where initially only one layer of cells was attached to a fiber 400, it is possible that the outermost cells may still be out of contact with cells that are attached to the nearest-neighbor fiber 400, or it is possible that some of the new cells may touch other cells that are attached to other fibers 400, i.e., some bridging between fibers (confluence) may occur. Even if confluence does not occur, after additional cells have grown, the open space for passage of liquid medium through the screen is smaller than it was at the start of culturing.

In embodiments of the invention, the screens 300 may fit within grooves 170 or slots 180 of screen holder 200 with a slight degree of looseness. This is so that screens 300 can be easily inserted into or removed from the grooves 170 and slots 180. For example, a total height of a screen 300 may be 600 microns, while the vertical dimension of a groove 170 or slot 180 may be 1 millimeter. This leaves a gap, in the vertical direction, between the screen 300 and the groove 170 or slot 180. In the horizontal direction, in a side-to-side direction, the dimensions of the screen 300 may be slightly smaller than the horizontal dimensions defined by the base of a groove 170 on one side of the screen holder 200 to the base of the groove 170 on the other side of screen holder 200. In the horizontal direction, in the front-back direction, the location of the screen 300 may be determined by two limiting structures between which the screen 300 may fit with a slight degree of looseness. One of those structures may be the interior wall of the lower manifold 82. The other structure may be the inward-facing extreme of boss 216. In the front-back direction, the screen may be slightly smaller, at least at the location of the boss 216, than the distance between the boss 216 and the opposed inward-facing surface of lower manifold 82. Alternatively, it is also possible that some features of screen holder 200 could be involved in determining the position of screen 300.

The following forces can act on a horizontally-oriented screen during flow through the screen: the weight of an individual screen when submerged in the liquid medium; and the drag force due to flow of the liquid medium (which can be approximated as the pressure difference across the screen holder, divided by the number of screens). This force balance will determine whether the screens sit on the lower edge of the groove, or are pushed upward and pinned against the upper edge of the groove, or float somewhat unstably in between those other two positions. At least one of these quantities, i.e., the pressure drop, can vary during the course of culturing, as the screens become more crowded with cells.

At the same time, it is desired that most of the flow of liquid medium go through the openings in the screen 300.

In the described stack of screens 300 and within the described screen holder 200, there are various possible local flowpaths of the liquid medium. In much of the screen 300, there is open space between fibers 400 through which the liquid medium can flow. Prior to the seeding of cells onto the screen 300, the dimensions of the minimum flow area for a particular opening between fibers 400 can be approximated as the inter-fiber spacing distance by the inter-fiber spacing distance. Also, prior to the seeding of cells, when the screen is mounted into the screen holder 200, there is a possible flow path at the edges of the screen 300. Such flowpath is illustrated in FIG. 6A. Flow in such flowpath may be influenced by local dimensions such as the inter-fiber spacing distance, and the gap in a horizontal direction between the screen 300 and the screen holder 200, and the gap in a vertical direction between the screen 300 and the screen holder 200. However, for simplicity of discussion, it can be assumed that the area for leakage flow, for one space between fibers 400, is the inter-fiber spacing distance by the inter-fiber spacing distance.

It may be of interest to compare the desired flowrate to the leakage flowrate, in the form of a ratio of those two quantities. If the screen external dimensions are assumed for simplicity to be square with a side length of L, the number of cells along the perimeter would be 4*L/Δ, where Δ is the inter-fiber spacing distance. The total flow area of all such leakage paths then would be (4*L/Δ)*Δ², or 4*L*Δ. In the same situation, for desired flow, the total flow area through the screen is L²*Δ². The ratio of desired flow area to leakage flow area is L²*Δ²/(4*L*Δ), or L/(4*Δ), or 0.25*(L/Δ). For the desirable goal of having most of the flow go through the openings in the screens 300 rather than through leakage paths, this incentivizes having a screen 300 having many cells within the length of a side of the assumed square shape. For example, the system may be designed so that a leakage path comprising a gap between an individual one of said screens and said screen holder, has a cross-sectional flow area that is less than 10%, or less than 2%, of a total flow area through all passageways through said individual one of said screens.

A further level of detail is to assume that the open spaces in the main part of the screen 300 become smaller as time goes on and the cell population increases. It can be assumed that they come to a value that may be called Δ_(crowded). It is then necessary to make an assumption about the open spaces at the edge of the screen 300. It may be assumed that the open spaces at the edge do not change their dimension, and their dimension remains at what may be called Δ_(edge). Then, the above ratio of flow areas becomes L²*Δ_(crowded) ²/(4*L*Δ_(edge)), or 0.25*L*Δ_(crowded) ²/Δ_(edge). This is of course subject to assumptions especially concerning the open dimension at the edge, i.e., Δ_(edge), but in general as Δ_(crowded) becomes smaller, the ratio of flow area for desired perfusion flow, divided by flow area for leakage flow can become smaller than it was for the empty screen 300.

Another consideration affecting the design of a bioreactor may be the stiffness of the screens 300 against bending. When screens 300 are in the bioreactor and are supported by screen holder 200, they are subjected to gravity (either with or without buoyancy effects depending on whether liquid medium is or is not present), and they also are subjected to flow forces if the liquid medium is moving. Any such forces could deform the screen 300 out-of-plane. It is desirable that the screens 300 not deform so much that they touch each other or come loose from screen support 200. Stiffness of a screen 300 can be characterized by its deformation in bending in a simple bending geometry in which two opposed edges are supported as simple supports and the other two edges are unsupported. For the described screens, which had a dimension along the direction of bending of about 100 mm, and a transverse dimension of about 60 mm, a weight of 14.5 grams applied at the center of the span caused a deflection of 3.1 mm. The screen may be designed to be at least as stiff in bending as the just-described bending stiffness. When the screen is supported at four edges rather than the just-described two edges, it will deflect less than in the just-described measurement.

Start-Up Procedure

In an embodiment of the invention, a start-up procedure can be as described here. At the start of use of the system, the reservoir container 60 can contain liquid medium up to a desired liquid level. The liquid level may be above the elevation of the bottom of lower manifold 82, and the amount of liquid contained may be sufficient for desired operations. Pump 140 may then be operated so as to withdraw fluid from moat 116. Pump 140 may be a positive displacement pump such as a peristaltic pump, capable of moving either liquid or gas or a combination thereof. Initially, pump will remove air from the region including upper manifold 86. This removal of air will cause the level of liquid medium to rise in lower manifold 82, into screen holder 300, and then upper manifold 86. Eventually the liquid level will reach the level of weir 112 and then begin to overflow weir 112 into moat 116. Liquid will then flow into sump 118. Pump 140 withdraws fluid from sump 118. It is possible that at some point during start-up, pump 140 will withdraw a mixture of liquid and gas from sump 118, but that is all right. Eventually there will be reached a steady state in which a substantially constant volume of gas remains in the region over upper manifold 86 and moat 116. As long as pump 140 continues to run, there will be a flowrate of liquid over weir (overflow wall) 112 into moat 116 and sump 118 and towards pump 140. It is believed that the level of liquid in moat 116 will be fairly close to the bottom of moat 116. This is illustrated in FIG. 6B. The liquid is indicated in FIG. 6B by the dotted-hatched pattern.

Pusher Accessory and Slots for Positioning of Screens

Referring now to FIG. 7, in embodiments of the invention, as described herein, the screen holder 200 may comprise positioning slots 390 that can be used for pushing screens 300 into a desired position or for defining positions of screens 300. Such positioning slots 390 may be generally vertical with respect to overall directions of the screen holder 200 and bioreactor 10. Positioning slots 390 may intersect other slots and grooves that are provided in screen holder 200.

A pusher 400 may also be provided as an accessory (for use before or after actual culturing). It is possible that the pusher 400 can be used on one side of the screen holder 200 for the purpose of pushing screens 300 into screen holder 200 until they contact a stop such as the base of groove 170. It is also possible that pusher 400 may be used on an opposite side of screen holder 200 for the purpose of pushing screens 300 out of screen holder 200, such as when culturing is completed or it is desired to remove screens 300. Positioning slots 390 on one side of screen holder 200 may have identical or similar dimensions and spacing as positioning slots 390 on another side of screen holder 200, which would enable a single pusher 400 to be used for pushing in both directions.

In order to facilitate the described pushing, pusher 400 may have certain dimensional relationships with appropriate features of screen holder 200. Bosses 420 on pusher 400 may be dimensioned, and may be spaced appropriately with respect to each other, so that they can fit into positioning slots 390 of screen holder 200. The height of the bosses 420 on pusher 400 may be sufficiently large so that the screens 300 may be pushed to a desired extent.

Features that Affect Engagement Between Screen Holder and Lower Manifold

It is further possible that there may be provided inter-engaging features that constrain or guide the inter-engagement between screen holder 200 and lower manifold 82. Such features may be referred to as a key and a keyway. As illustrated, screen holder 200 has a recess 210, and lower manifold 82 has a boss 216. Of course, the opposite is also possible, i.e., a boss on screen holder 200 and a recess on lower manifold 82. If screen holder 200 has some degree of symmetry, such as being of a rectangular cross-sectional shape, the key and keyway may limit the number of ways in which screen holder 200 and lower manifold 82 can be assembled together. This arrangement may serve to control the positioning of screens 300 when screen holder 200 is assembled with the rest of bioreactor 10.

There are some dimensional considerations in regard to insertion of screen holder 200 into lower manifold 82. For example, the width (in a horizontal direction) of boss 216 may be less than the width of recess 210.

If desired, the portions of the boss 216 or the recess 210, or both, that engage each other initially upon insertion of the screen holder 200 into lower manifold 82, may be provided with rounding features at one of their ends (at the top of the feature on the lower manifold 82, or at the bottom of the feature on the screen holder 200, or both), so as to guide the initial engagement between screen holder 200 and lower manifold 82. It is also possible that a rounded feature may be provided at other places at the bottom of screen holder 200, or at the top of lower manifold 82, or both, so as to guide the initial engagement between screen holder 200 and lower manifold 82.

Incubator

Referring now to FIG. 9, the bioreactor 10 may comprise an incubator 950. The incubator 950 may maintain within itself conditions that are conducive to cell growth. The incubator 950 may maintain a temperature that is a desired value that is close to physiological temperature. The incubator 950 may also maintain an atmosphere having a desired composition. The composition may have an oxygen concentration of approximately 20% and a carbon dioxide concentration of approximately 5%. The incubator 950 may also maintain a desired relative humidity of the atmosphere inside the incubator 950. The incubator 950 may have a front door providing access to the interior of the incubator 950 for installation or removal of major components. The incubator 950 also may have penetrations or pass-through through various of its walls. Such pass-through and penetrations are described here for a particular design, although it can be understood that other such arrangements are also possible.

At a location outside the incubator there may be a pump 140 for circulating or controlling the flow of liquid media. Pump 140 may be a positive displacement pump such as a peristaltic pump. There may be appropriate pass-throughs or penetrations for passage of such liquids into and out of the incubator 950 to and from the pump 140. Locating the pump 140 outside of the incubator may serve some specific purposes. One such purpose is that the electronics in the pump 140 may have a limit on the humidity to which they can be exposed, which may be lower than the relatively humid conditions that are usually maintained inside the incubator 950. Locating the pump 140 outside the incubator 950 eliminates this concern. Additionally, if the pump 140 was located inside the incubator 950, it could generate heat when it was running, and that heat could affect the control of temperature inside the incubator 950. Appropriate controls and, if desired, automation, may be provided for the pump and related systems.

The just-described parts may be suitable to be placed inside a controlled-environment chamber that may be referred to as an incubator 950. Incubator 950 may have controls to maintain within its interior a desired temperature, a desired atmospheric composition, a desired oxygen concentration, a desired carbon dioxide concentration, a desired humidity, desired values of any other environmental property, or any combination of these. The incubator 950 may have a door to permit the passage therethrough of these components, and the door may be closeable and sealable. The incubator 950 may further have passthroughs, through the incubator wall or boundary, which may be separate from the door. Such passthroughs may permit the passage of liquid into and out of the interior of incubator 950. The incubator 950 may further have connections through which oxygen or carbon dioxide may be supplied to the interior of incubator 950. Pump 140 for circulating liquid medium may be located external to the incubator 950. Passthroughs may provide for the passage of liquid medium into and out of the incubator 950. The incubator may be suitable to maintain sterility or at least cleanliness at and near the described components such as the assembly of manifolds 82, 86 and the reservoir container 60.

Connected to overflow moat 116 may be an exit fitting. The exit fitting may exit the moat such that at a portion of the interior open space of the fitting is at or below the level of the base of the moat 116. From exit fitting, there may be tubing or similar fluid-carrying means going to the intake of the pump 140. Tubing may be capable of conducting fluid (either liquid or gas) from the moat 116 to the pump. Pump 140 is shown as being located outside the incubator 1950. This pump location is optional, although advantages of it are discussed elsewhere herein.

Downstream of the pump 140, flow may proceed back into the incubator 950 and to a showerhead 186. The showerhead 186 may be located inside incubator 950 at the top of the reservoir container 60. The showerhead 186 may distribute the liquid medium in the form of drops that fall back into the reservoir container 60. The atmosphere inside the incubator 950 may have a desired concentration oxygen, and a desired concentration of carbon dioxide, and may also be temperature controlled. During the passage of drops of liquid medium from the showerhead 186 through the atmosphere inside the reservoir container 60, the liquid drops may exchange gas with the atmosphere inside the reservoir container 60, such as absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere inside the reservoir container 60. The drops may also thermally equilibrate with the atmosphere inside the reservoir container 60 if needed. The drops may then collect in liquid region of reservoir container 60.

Flow of fluid through the entire described flow path may then be repeated.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which illustrates various connections through the boundary of the incubator 950 and the reservoir container 60. The bioreactor 10 may comprise connections for pump 140 to withdraw liquid medium and to re-introduce liquid medium. This provides dynamic circulation or perfusion of the liquid medium. If the pump 140 is located outside the incubator 950, the liquid medium can exit from the bioreactor 10, pass through the boundary of the incubator 950, pass through the pump 140, pass again through the boundary of the incubator 950, and re-enter bioreactor 10. More specifically, the liquid medium can exit from the sump 118 that is connected to moat 116, and can re-enter the reservoir container 60 through showerhead 186. The atmosphere inside the incubator 950 and the reservoir container 60 may be managed in several ways. CO2 may be supplied from a source outside the incubator 950 and, as illustrated, passes through a passthrough that is a permanent part of the incubator 950, shown as being on the rear of incubator 950. Air can pass from outside the incubator 950 into the interior of incubator 950 through a passthrough that is shown on the left side of incubator 950. This entering air may pass through a filter 960, which may be located outside the incubator 950. Thus, the atmosphere inside the incubator 950 may be a mixture of air and CO2. The gas space of reservoir container 60 may have an air extraction connection by which gas from the gas space of reservoir container 60 is pulled out of reservoir container 60, through a passthrough through the boundary of incubator 950, and out to an airflow pump 150. Airflow pump 150 may be a peristaltic pump, which may be located outside incubator 950. Gas from the atmosphere inside incubator 950 enters the reservoir container 60 through a filter (not illustrated) on port 940. Inside reservoir container 60, the showerhead 186 entrains some of that gas. The showerhead 186 causes aeration and exposes the liquid medium to CO2 and to oxygen. Cells obtain both CO2 and oxygen from the liquid medium for their metabolism and for the ATP cycle for energy transfer. The showerhead 186 as illustrated has nonuniform hole size distribution in order to form a spray with the desired characteristics and distribution. The liquid enters from above the showerhead 186 near the center of the array of holes. Holes that are more outwardly located are larger in dimension than holes near where the liquid enters.

As illustrated, two of the passthroughs through the left wall of the incubator 950 are for liquid medium to go into and out of the incubator. There is also a passthrough through the wall of the incubator by which an airflow pump, which may be a peristaltic pump, pulls atmosphere out from the gas space of the reservoir container 60. There is also a passthrough through which air from outside the incubator 950 enters the incubator interior, passing through a filter 960.

Embodiment Comprising a Rotor and Two Different Orientations of Flow

In general, there are at least two possible geometries of planar scaffolds and flow in bioreactors. The previously described embodiment involved flow through a screen generally perpendicular to the plane of the screen. Another possible geometry involves flow of liquid in a direction that is generally parallel to a screen. Each orientation has respective advantages and disadvantages.

In this next embodiment of the invention, a bioreactor 1010 may have overall components and an arrangement as illustrated in FIG. 11.

The described components may be attached to a base or frame that defines their locations and allows the apparatus to be carried as a unit. External to the apparatus there may also be provided a source of carbon dioxide, such as a pressurized tank. Similarly, a source of oxygen may be provided if desired.

Flow Path

Referring now to FIG. 12, for an embodiment of the invention, there is shown a fluid flow arrangement for the bioreactor 1010. As illustrated, the direction of liquid flow past the cell culture scaffold may be in a generally upward direction with respect to gravity. The flow can flow in a recirculating flow path. In an embodiment of the invention the liquid medium is able to flow in a recirculation path from a reservoir, upward through the scaffold, through a pump, through a showerhead, and back to the reservoir.

The pump 1140 may be capable of self-priming by pumping gas through the pump initially so as to pull liquid up from the lower reservoir into the cell culture region. Thereafter, the pump 1140 may be able to move liquid when it is desired and at whatever rate it is desired to circulate liquid through the culture region. The pump 1140 may be a positive displacement pump such as a peristaltic pump.

The apparatus may comprise a reservoir container 1060, which may be located generally at an elevation that is lower than the elevation of various other components of the apparatus. The bottom of the reservoir container 1060 may be formed, at least in part, by a reservoir base 1400 that is generally flat and horizontal having a reservoir base upper surface 1410. The reservoir 1060 may further be defined by reservoir sidewalls and a reservoir lid. Furthermore, reservoir base 1400 may have some features that are recessed below reservoir base upper surface 1410.

The reservoir 1060 may have therewithin a stirrer such as a magnetic stirrer bar (not illustrated) that can be caused to rotate by an externally applied magnetic field that rotates. The stirrer bar may be more dense than the density of the liquid so that the stirrer bar may sink due to gravity and rest upon a surface of the reservoir base, more particularly a bottom surface of stirrer recess 1420. Alternative stirrer arrangements are also possible, such as a rotating rod and paddle.

The stirrer bar could be rotated at an appropriate rotational speed to maintain cells in suspension in the liquid so that the liquid drawn into the scaffold contains appropriate cells.

Reservoir Base

The reservoir 1060 may be defined in part by reservoir base 1400. Referring now to FIG. 13. reservoir base 400 may be generally flat and horizontal but may have a pattern of recesses recessed into it.

Corresponding to the stirrer bar, there may be a stirrer recess 1420, recessed into reservoir base 1400. Stirrer recess 1420 may be, in its horizontal dimensions, larger than the path that is swept out by the stirrer bar. At least some of the stirrer recess 1420 may be approximately cylindrical and may have a bottom that is flat and horizontal. The depth of the stirrer recess 1420 can be less than the vertical dimension of the stirrer bar, if desired.

There may further be provided a canal recess 1430 that may be generally straight in a lengthwise direction. There may further be provided a reservoir sump recess 1440. The canal recess 1430 may intersect with the stirrer recess 1420, and may intersect with the reservoir sump recess 1440.

The floor surfaces of all of these recesses (stirrer recess 1420, canal recess 1430, reservoir sump recess 1440) may be planar and may be coplanar with each other and may be generally horizontal. Places where the various recesses (stirrer recess 1420, canal recess 1430, reservoir sump recess 1440) intersect each other may be provided with rounded corners to improve the smoothness of fluid flow. At various places associated with the recesses, there may also be provided internal corners that are rounded.

There may also be provided a drain recess 1450 that may be in fluid communication with the canal recess 1430 and may extend to a lower elevation than does the canal recess 1430. Fluid can be removed from the reservoir 1060 by putting a tube into the drain recess 1450 from above and suctioning fluid out.

Referring now to FIGS. 14-16C, there may also be provided a riser conduit 500 that may define a flow path leaving the reservoir 1060 in an upward direction. The riser conduit 1500 is illustrated as being of rectangular cross-section, but it can be appreciated that other cross-sectional shapes are also possible. The riser conduit 1500 may have a riser conduit lower edge 1510 that is flat and horizontal. First of all, the riser conduit 1500 may be positioned such that the riser conduit lower edge 1510 is at a lower elevation than the elevation of the liquid level in the reservoir 1060. More particularly, the riser conduit 1500 may be positioned so that the riser conduit lower edge 1510 is located at an elevation that is higher than the floor of the reservoir sump recess 1440, but is lower than the upper surface 1410 of reservoir base 1400. It may also be provided that reservoir sump recess 1440 has a boundary that is larger than and outside the outer perimeter of riser conduit 1500. This combination of dimensional relationships may provide an inflow pattern, for flow from the reservoir 1060 into riser conduit, that is distributed generally around the entire perimeter of riser conduit 1500. Such a flow pattern preserves access to a very large fraction of the liquid in the reservoir 1060, while not creating “pinch points” that have excessively high local fluid velocities or local shear rates in the fluid flow.

Continuing upward along the general direction of riser conduit 1500, there may be rotor chamber 1600 and rotor 1700 that is contained generally within rotor chamber 1600. More detail about rotor 1700 is provided elsewhere herein.

Rotor chamber 1600 may have therethrough a vertical passageway defined by the lower pass-through opening 1610 and the upper pass-through opening 1620. Lower pass-through opening 1610 and upper pass-through opening 1620 may have substantially identical internal cross-sectional area and dimensions. The internal cross-sectional area and dimensions of lower pass-through opening 1610 and upper pass-through opening 1620 may at least approximately match those of the interior of riser conduit 1500 and those of the passageway (described elsewhere herein) through the rotor 1700.

Rotor chamber 1600 may rest upon or may be mounted upon the cover plate of reservoir 1060.

Near the top of rotor chamber 1600 the rotor chamber wall that touches the liquid may end at a top edge 1630 that is flat and horizontal. The top edge 1630 may act as a weir for liquid to flow over it. Outside of the wall may be an overflow moat 1640. The design of the overflow moat 1640 and nearby features may be such that the fluid in the rotor chamber 1640 has to flow upward, then over the top edge 1630 of the rotor chamber wall, then downward into the moat 1640. The moat 1640 may extend around the entire perimeter of the rotor chamber 1600. During operation of the system, a gas pocket may be present above the top edge 1630.

Rotor chamber 1600 may be topped off by rotor chamber lid 1660, which may be removable. There may be a gap between the top edge 1630 and the rotor chamber lid 660. The gap may be suitable for flow to flow through the gap and thereupon the flow may enter and be collected by overflow moat 1640. It is believed, although it is not wished to be limited to this explanation, that the use of overflow moat 1640 may help to improve the uniformity of flow through the cell culture region and tissue scaffold. There may be an overflow moat 1640, and a corresponding sump, and showerhead as in another embodiment herein.

Rotor and Cell Culture Scaffold

Within rotor chamber 1600 there may be provided rotor 1700. Rotor 1700 may be able to rotate, with respect to rotor chamber 1600, around an axis of rotation. The axis of rotation may be horizontal, and may be generally perpendicular to the direction of the riser conduit 1500. Rotor 1700 may be close-fitting within rotor chamber 600, while still being free to rotate.

One end of the rotor 1700 may have or may have attached thereto a shaft to direct the angular position of the rotor 1700. The shaft may in turn be operated by a motor. The motor may be located inside the incubator 1950, or may be located outside the incubator 1950 with a penetration for the shaft to pass through the wall of the incubator 1950. The motor may be controlled by a computer or automation system.

The rotor 1700 may be able to rotate through various rotation positions. One position of the rotor may correspond to a full-open flow path for flow through the rotor interior and the tissue scaffold. Another position of the rotor 1700 may be such that the flow path is blocked by the generally solid portion of the rotor 1700.

With continued reference to FIGS. 14-16C, there is shown the rotor 1700 and some associated parts. The rotor 1700 may be generally cylindrical except for the absence of material as described herein. The rotor may have two opposed rotor openings 1710, 1712 defining a passageway through the rotor 1700, and the rotor may have two remaining opposed sides 1714, 1716 that are mostly-solid. Proceeding around the perimeter of the rotor 1700, there may be open space; a generally solid portion that may be cylindrical on its exterior; open space; and another generally solid portion that may be cylindrical on its exterior. On the exterior, the generally cylindrical shape may correspond to the internal cylindrical space within rotor chamber 1600. The dimensions of the mostly-solid sides may be such as to completely block the riser conduit 1500 (except for holes 1790) when the rotor 1700 is at an appropriate angular position. Rotor ends may have internally facing grooves 1720. The grooves 1720 in the rotor 1700 may be dimensioned appropriately to receive and support the edges of scaffolds or screens.

One of the rotor openings 1710 may have a bridge 1740 that spans the rotor opening. The other of the rotor openings 1712 may have a removable clip 1760 that spans the rotor opening. The bridge 1740 and the clip 1760 may be dimensioned so that they occupy only a small portion of the overall length of the rotor 1700 so as not to create a substantial disturbance in the flow of liquid. The bridge 1740 and the clip 1760 may have internal grooves that correspond to the internal grooves 1720 at the ends of the rotor 1700. In combination, the grooves at one end of the rotor 1700, the grooves at the other end of the rotor 1700, the grooves in the bridge 1740 and the grooves in the clip 1760 may all align with each other and may cooperate with each other to support the screens.

Within the open space in rotor 1700 there may be provided cell growth scaffold such as screens 1300 as is described elsewhere herein, and flow may flow past or through the cell growth scaffold such as screens 1300.

In the solid part of rotor 1700 that has the generally cylindrical exterior, there may be provided a hole 1790 or a plurality of holes 1790 therethrough on each of two opposed sides. The holes 1790 may align with each other. The holes 1790 may allow mass transfer between the liquid in the scaffold region interior of the rotor 1700 and the liquid in the reservoir during the time when the scaffolds are in a horizontal orientation. Even though when the scaffolds (screens) are horizontal there might be no bulk flow of liquid, holes 1790 would still allow some mass transfer even if it is only by diffusion or some form of natural convection.

The open space through the rotor 1700 may roughly correspond, in dimensions and cross-sectional area, to the internal dimensions and cross-sectional area of the riser conduit 1500. For example, the dimension from the inside of one of the generally solid portions of the rotor 1700 to the other of the generally solid portions of the rotor 1700 may be the same or approximately the same as the inside dimension, in the same direction, of the riser conduit 1500. The end-to-end dimension of the empty space of the rotor may be the same or approximately the same as the inside dimension in the same direction, of the riser conduit 1500.

The open space through the rotor 1700 may be the space intended to be occupied by an array of cell culture scaffolds 1300. Ends of the rotor 1700 that face internally to the open space may comprise grooves 1720 or similar interfaces to hold a plurality of cell culture scaffolds. As illustrated, the ends of the rotor 1700 each have grooves 1720 for 10 individual screens 1300. An alternative design could have grooves for some other number of screens 1300 as might be desired. The grooves 1720 can support or guide or position the ends of the screens 1300 at the edges of the screens 1300. The grooves 1720 may be dimensioned appropriately for the thickness of each scaffold or screen 1300, and for the intended spacing between the scaffolds or screens 1300. At an additional location such as midway between the two ends of the rotor 1700, there may be provided small auxiliary supports that also contain grooves 1720 to support or guide or position the screens or scaffolds 1300 at their edges. For example, there may be provided bridge 1740, which may be connected to the rotor 1700, which may contain grooves 1720. There may be provided a removable clip 1760 that is attachable to and detachable from rotor 1700, and which also may contain grooves 1720.

Design of scaffolds and screens could be as discussed elsewhere herein in connection with another embodiment.

As illustrated, the rotor 1700 contains grooves 1720 appropriate to hold the scaffolds 1300 for flow in a direction that is parallel to the surfaces of the scaffolds 1300. Alternatively, it would be possible to provide a rotor 1700 that holds the scaffolds 1300 in a position for flow through the scaffolds (perpendicular to the face of the scaffolds). The apparatus could be designed to be able to accept various different rotors 1700, with different rotors 1700 having different designs as far as placement or orientation of the scaffolds 1300. It is possible that with different interchangeable rotors, one rotor could provide flow generally parallel to the surface of the scaffolds while another different rotor could provide flow through the scaffolds, i.e., generally perpendicular to the scaffolds.

Considerations Related to Volume and Efficient Use of Cells and Media

Referring now to FIG. 17, various considerations may be built into the design and operation of the apparatus to contribute to the efficient use of the medium, which can be an expensive material, and to the efficient use of cells, which tend to sink under the influence of gravity. The lower edge 1510 of riser conduit 1500 may extend submerged beneath the surface of the liquid in the reservoir 1060, or specifically may extend submerged beneath the surface of liquid in reservoir sump recess 1440, both prior to operation and also at all times during operation. This may contribute to the ability to suction fluid upward. In order to be able to suction liquid upward into the riser conduit 1500, it is preferable to avoid having any air travel under the lower edge 1510 of the riser conduit 1500.

The available volume of the reservoir 1060 may be defined as the volume of liquid present in the reservoir 1060, consistent with the requirement that the liquid level is lower than the showerhead and lower than the stopper in the fill port, and with the liquid level in the riser conduit being the same as the liquid level in the reservoir 1060 outside the riser conduit 1500 when the apparatus is equilibrated and not operating. The available volume of the reservoir 1060 may be sufficient so that when the reservoir 1060 contains an appropriate amount of liquid that is less than the available geometric volume of reservoir 1060, even when the rotor chamber 1600, the moat 1640, and various tubing are full of liquid, the reservoir 1060 is still not empty or at least reservoir sump recess 1440 is not empty. More specifically, at these conditions, the liquid level in the reservoir 1060 or reservoir sump recess 1440 is still at a higher elevation than the lower edge 1510 of riser conduit 1500.

The volume of the reservoir 1060 may be sufficient to fill all of these just-described spaces with liquid in the absence of screens being present in the rotor 1700. Alternatively, the volumes of various components may be calculated, and may be corrected for the amount of space occupied by the screens of the cell culture scaffold, and the volume of the reservoir may be sufficient to fill all of these just-described spaces when scaffolds are present. The volume of liquid that is actually loaded into reservoir 1060 may be measured out sufficiently accurately so that when the empty spaces such as riser conduit 1500, rotor chamber 1600, moat 1640 and various tubing are full of liquid, sufficient to reach the top of wall 1630 or at least to cover the scaffolds with liquid, the liquid level in reservoir 1060 may be in the reservoir sump recess 1440 but higher than the lower end of 1510 of riser conduit 1500.

It has been illustrated that the upper surface 1410 of reservoir base 1400 is flat and horizontal. Alternatively, it is possible that some slight slope or funnel shape could be provided to help drain liquid or to help liquid reach the reservoir sump recess 1440.

It can be noted that the pump 1140, such as a peristaltic pump, is downstream of the cell culture chamber, i.e., rotor chamber 1600. This means that during seeding of the scaffold, cells can reach the scaffold directly from reservoir 1060 without having to pass through the pump. Passage of cells through the pump could conceivably damage the cells undesirably. However, it is anticipated that during seeding, most of the cells that occupy the region of the cell scaffold will deposit themselves on the scaffold. It is anticipated that only a small fraction of the cells will fail to seed and will exit the rotor chamber 1600 and pass through the pump 1140. If, upon passage through the pump 1140, there is damage to those cells that failed to attach to the scaffold, those cells should be few in number anyway, so possible damage to those unattached cells should not have much overall significance in terms of the efficiency of using cells.

It is possible that the direction of rotation of the stirrer bar can be such that it urges flow of liquid that is in canal recess 1430 toward riser conduit 1500. As such, it would thereby provide some amount of useful pump-like action, especially when the liquid level in reservoir 1060 is low, in addition to stirring action.

Filler Structure Inside Riser

Referring now to FIG. 18, in an embodiment of the invention, there may be provided a filler structure 1100 inside the riser conduit 1500.

The filler structure 1100 may usefully occupy some portion of the volume inside riser conduit 1500 so that that portion of the volume does not have to be occupied by media liquid. Because media liquid is expensive, and liquid media that is in the riser is does not contribute to cell seeding or culture, the filler structure 1100 may reduce such amount of media that does not serve a useful purpose.

The filler structure 1100 may have a streamlined shape so as to receive flow of media that enters at the bottom of the riser at the riser sump, and direct and distribute that flow upward toward the cell culture region. Accordingly, the upper end of the filler structure 1100 may be pointed, pointing vertically upward. The lower end of the filler structure 1100 may be such as to receive flow that has a horizontal component of velocity coming from the reservoir sump recess 1440, and redirect that flow upwardly.

It is also possible to use a filler structure resembling filler structure 1100 in other embodiments of the invention. Even if this is not done for the purpose of conserving the amount of liquid medium, it could be beneficial for improving the flow patterns, such as improving the uniformity of velocity distribution, of flow entering the array of screens.

At a location outside the incubator 1950 may be a plurality of fluid containers. Such fluid containers may include a waste liquid bottle; a retrieval bottle; a media storage bottle; a PBS (phosphate buffered saline) bottle; and a tryp-LE E bottle. There may be appropriate pass-throughs or penetrations for passage of such liquids into and out of the incubator 950. Appropriate valves may also be provided for controlling the flow of such liquids. At this location, or generally at whatever location is desired, there may also be provided a motor capable of rotating a cell culture component such as a rotor, as is described elsewhere herein.

Impactor

In embodiments of the invention, there may also be provided an actuator or impactor (not illustrated) that may be suitable to direct motion at or deliver an impact to the apparatus inside the incubator 1950, such as the exterior of the rotor chamber. The vibration caused by the impactor striking a component near the cell culture screens may dislodge cells and may help in harvesting the cells after expansion. In the illustrated embodiment, the impactor could be located at the rear of the incubator 1950. There may be an appropriate pass-through or penetration for the impactor. This impacting may be done in conjunction with a chemical treatment such as exposing the cell population to trypsin.

The apparatus may also comprise automatic controls appropriate to operate the described components.

Methods of Operation

In embodiments of the invention, seeding and growth of the cells onto the scaffold may be performed by various protocols.

During seeding, the liquid in the reservoir 1060 could contain cells to be seeded. During cell expansion, the liquid in the reservoir 1060 does not need to contain cells, but it could contain nutrients that are conducive to the growth and multiplication of cells.

It is contemplated that during the seeding stage, the cells/media mixture will essentially not go through the pump 1140. At the start of the automatic seeding process, the cells and media are in the reservoir 1060. The media volume at this time could be enough to fill the riser and the cell culture region, but not much more than that. When the pump 1140 starts, this cells/media mixture will be suctioned up into the cell culture region. It is only necessary to suction up enough media to cover the cell culture scaffold (screens) with liquid. It is unnecessary to fill the moat 1640 with liquid, and it is unnecessary to suction liquid far enough for liquid to enter into the tubes that go from the moat 1640 to the pump 1140. This operation can be performed such that when the rotor chamber 1600 is filled with cells/media mixture, the pump 1140 will stop. For example, with a peristaltic pump, if the rotor of the peristaltic pump stops rotating, there will be no further flow and there will be no backflow. So, the pump 1140 can simply be shut off and the liquid can be allowed to remain where it is at that time, including the liquid level in the culture region. It is possible that the volumes of liquid may have been calculated and measured sufficiently accurately so that at that point the reservoir 1060 is nearly empty. In fact, it is possible that the liquid level in the reservoir 1060 may have dropped to somewhere in the reservoir sump recess 1440. If the liquid level is in the reservoir sump recess 1440, lower than the upper surface 40 of reservoir base 1400 but higher than the bottom end of riser conduit 1500, the liquid inside the riser conduit 1500 and the cell culture region will be maintained in a stable position because there will be no passage of air bubbles into the liquid column to allow liquid to fall. The cell/media will be maintained inside the riser column 1500 and the cell culture region by the reduced gas pressure (which may be slightly sub-atmospheric) above the cell culture region, even though the pump 1140 is stopped at that time. A pump such as a peristaltic pump, or generally a positive-displacement pump, may maintain such a situation. Valving could also be used.

In the process of seeding, media containing cells may be raised by suction into the region of the rotor 1700 and the cell culture scaffolds. For initial inflow of liquid, the position of the screens 1300 may be generally vertical. The seeding process can then start by rotating the rotor 1700 so that the screens 1300 occupy a horizontal position. This allows cells that are suspended in the liquid between the screens 1300 to settle downward by gravity onto the adjacent screens 1300. The scaffold (screen) 1300 may be maintained in a stationary condition for a period of time as this happens. It is also possible that at desired times, the rotor 1700 can again be rotated. For example, the rotor 1700 might be rotated 180 degrees so that cells that might be merely resting unattached on top of one screen 1300 might float away and settle on and attach to a nearby screen 1300 due to the change of the gravitational direction. The rotor 1700 can be rotated periodically to produce a uniform cell distribution on the screens or scaffold. This process may continue for as long as one to two days (to be determined by experiment).

When seeding is completed, it is expected that all (or most) of the cells will be attached to the scaffolds (screens) 1300. The follow-up steps may involve a more continuous flow of culture medium and can be termed dynamic culturing. Additional media can be added to the reservoir 1060. This additional medium does not need to contain cells. The pump 1140 may be turned on to allow dynamic culture by means of media circulation. The flow can flow continuously around the flow system through the scaffold, if desired. The flowrate can be adjusted to be low enough to keep the shear rate at the cell locations to a desirably small magnitude. At this point, there may be some cells that have not attached to the scaffolds and that flow through the pump tubing. It is hoped to achieve at least 80% seeding efficiency in the seeding process.

The procedure as far as operation of the motor and positioning of the scaffold screens could be as follows: [0163] Fill the reservoir 1060 with liquid that contains cells to be cultured and expanded. [0164] For initial filling of the culture region with liquid, position the screens vertically. [0165] After the initial filling of the culture region with liquid, position the screens (scaffold) 1300 horizontally so that cells that are in suspension between the screens can settle out of suspension onto the screens. [0166] At intervals, rotate the screens 180 degrees so that upward-facing screen surfaces become downward-facing screen surfaces and vice versa. The intervals might, for example, be one hour. [0167] Continue doing this for a sufficient time for a large fraction of the cells to have attached to the screens 1300. It is anticipated that this step might take about one to two days. [0168] After the cells are well seeded, rotate the screens (scaffold) 1300 to the vertical position or to the horizontal position as desired for dynamic culturing. [0169] During dynamic culturing, leave the screens (scaffold) 1300 in either the vertical position or the horizontal position as desired. Place nutrients in the media, and slowly flow the media past the screens (scaffold) 1300 for the duration of dynamic culturing. The flow will be upward and generally parallel to or through (perpendicular to) the flat surfaces of the screens 1300 as desired. [0170] After a sufficient time, harvest the cells.

In general, it is possible to execute any desired combination of positions of the rotor and scaffolds at particular stages of the seeding and cell culturing process. During dynamic culturing, the screens could be in either vertical or horizontal position during culturing, whichever is desired, and the flow could be either parallel to or through (perpendicular to) the screens.

Harvesting of Cells

In embodiments of the invention, there may be practiced certain techniques for harvesting cells from a scaffold 1300 after the cells have grown. It is known that tryp-LE E is useful for harvesting cells from a scaffold. In embodiments of the invention, for harvesting, of cells, the scaffolds will be washed with PBS three times and followed with addition of appropriate amount of tryp-LE E for about 30 minutes. Harvesting of cells may further be aided by the action of an impactor that impacts the cytoskeleton of the cells that is structurally connected to the screens (or scaffold). This impacting can dislodge cells through the mechanical force of the impact.

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Referring now to FIGS. 19A-20, there are shown results of Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling of flow geometries of an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 19A shows local velocity distributions at a flowrate of 30 milliliters/minute (with a cross-sectional area in the incoming channel of approximately 6200 mm 2). FIG. 19B shows a velocity distribution for a flowrate of 40 milliliters/minute. FIG. 19C shows a velocity distribution for a flowrate of 60 milliliters/minute. FIG. 20 shows pressure distribution and streamlines of flow between screens that are constructed as described herein.

In general, any combination of disclosed features, components and methods described herein is possible. Steps of a method can be performed in any order that is physically possible.

All cited references are incorporated by reference herein.

Although embodiments have been disclosed, it is not desired to be limited thereby. Rather, the scope should be determined only by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A bioreactor system, comprising: a reservoir container for holding a liquid medium; a manifold assembly, said manifold assembly comprising an upper manifold and a lower manifold, said lower manifold having a lower end extending into said reservoir container; a holder, said holder being contained within said manifold assembly, and said holder holding a plurality of fiber assemblies that are suitable for cells to grow on; and a circulation system for causing the liquid medium to flow through said lower manifold and said fiber assemblies and said upper manifold, wherein the liquid medium flows through a sequence that comprises (a) one of said fiber assemblies, wherein said one of said fiber assemblies comprises a plurality of solid fibers that are joined to others of said solid fibers at crossing points with others of said solid fibers, followed by (b) an open region in which the liquid medium flows generally perpendicular to said one of said fiber assemblies through space not occupied by any solid object, wherein said sequence repeats itself a plurality of times along a direction of flow of the liquid medium, wherein said fiber assemblies are held in said holder such that said fiber assemblies do not touch any neighboring one of said fiber assemblies under static conditions and do not touch any neighboring one of said fiber assemblies under conditions of flow of the liquid medium during cell culture.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said fiber assemblies have a fiber assembly thickness and said fiber assemblies are separated from a neighboring one of said fiber assemblies by a separation distance, a direction of said fiber assembly thickness and a direction of said separation distance being substantially aligned with each other, and wherein said separation distance is between 1.5 and 2.5 times said fiber assembly thickness.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein at least some of said fiber assemblies comprise a plurality of said fibers forming a first layer having said fibers parallel to each other and oriented in a first direction and a second layer having a plurality of said fibers parallel to each other and oriented in a second direction that is perpendicular to said first direction, said fibers in said second layer being joined to said fibers in said first layer.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein at least some of said fiber assemblies comprise a plurality of said fibers, and within an individual one of said fiber assemblies, said fibers are arranged in sequence in at least first, second, third and fourth layers, said fibers within each of said layers being generally parallel to each other, wherein said fibers in said first layer are generally parallel to said fibers in said third layer and said fibers in said second layer are generally parallel to said fibers in said fourth layer, and wherein when viewed perpendicular to a flat surface of said fiber assembly, said fibers of said third layer are located non-aligned with said fibers of said first layer and said fibers of said fourth layer are located non-aligned with said fibers of said second layer.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said fiber assemblies have a bending stiffness equal to or greater than a bending stiffness such that if one of said fiber assemblies, having a width of 60 mm, is simply supported at two points 100 mm apart and is loaded by 14.5 grams, its deflection at center span is 3.1 mm.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein said upper manifold and said lower manifold and said holder have respective internal cross-sectional flow areas that are substantially identical to each other or are within 10% of each other.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein a leakage path comprising a gap between an individual one of said fiber assemblies and said holder, has a cross-sectional flow area that is less than 10% of a total flow area through all passageways through said individual one of said fiber assemblies.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein said lower end of said lower manifold has a first perimeter and said lower manifold lower end is at a uniform elevation around an entirety of said first perimeter, and wherein an upper end of said upper manifold has a second perimeter and said upper manifold upper end is at a uniform elevation around an entirety of said upper manifold upper end second perimeter.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein said reservoir container contains therewithin a contoured filler piece at least some of which is lower than said lower end of said lower manifold, said contoured filler piece being shaped so as to smoothly direct flow of the liquid medium from said reservoir container into said lower manifold, said contoured filler piece being wider at its bottom and narrower at its top.
 10. A bioreactor system, comprising: a reservoir container for holding a liquid medium; a manifold assembly, said manifold assembly comprising an upper manifold and a lower manifold, said lower manifold having a lower end extending into said reservoir container; a holder, said holder being contained within said manifold assembly, said holder holding a plurality of fiber assemblies that are suitable for cells to grow on; and a circulation system for causing the liquid medium to flow through said lower manifold and said fiber assemblies and said upper manifold, wherein an internal cross-sectional dimension of said lower manifold below said holder, an internal cross-sectional dimension of said upper manifold above said holder, and an internal cross-sectional dimension of said holder are all substantially equal to each other, and wherein a side-to-side dimension of said fiber assembly is larger than a corresponding inside dimension of said holder, and said side-to-side dimension of said fiber assembly is smaller than a corresponding inside dimension of said manifold assembly in which said holder resides.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein an inner wall of said lower manifold and an inner wall of upper manifold and an inner wall of said holder are substantially parallel to and aligned with each other.
 12. The system of claim 10, wherein said fiber assemblies are held in said holder such that said fiber assemblies do not touch neighboring ones of said fiber assemblies under static conditions and do not touch neighboring ones of said fiber assemblies under conditions of flow of the liquid medium during cell culture.
 13. The system of claim 10, wherein said holder comprises two parts joinable to each other by engagement features and wherein said engagement features do not protrude interiorly beyond walls of said holder, and wherein one of said engagement features has therethrough a groove that is continuous with a groove in an adjacent portion of an interior surface of said holder.
 14. The system of claim 10, wherein a portion of said upper manifold slidingly engages with a portion of said lower manifold and wherein an upper surface of said holder faces a corresponding surface of said upper manifold and a lower surface of said holder faces a corresponding surface of said lower manifold.
 15. The system of claim 10, wherein said reservoir container is covered by a reservoir cover, and said reservoir cover has therein an opening having a raised edge or lip surrounding said opening, and said lower manifold has thereon a flange suitable to contact said lip, and said flange extends beyond said lip such that possible condensate on an external surface of said manifold assembly cannot drip into said reservoir container.
 16. The system of claim 10, wherein said fiber assemblies are restrained within said holder but have at least some ability to move with respect to said holder in at least one direction.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein said fiber assemblies have at least some ability to move with respect to said holder in three mutually orthogonal directions.
 18. The system of claim 10, wherein when said holder is in place within said manifold assembly, said holder has at least one degree of freedom of motion with respect to said lower manifold.
 19. The system of claim 10, wherein at least some of said fiber assemblies comprise a plurality of solid fibers forming a first layer having said fibers parallel to each other and oriented in a first direction and a second layer having a plurality of said fibers parallel to each other and oriented in a second direction that is perpendicular to said first direction, said fibers in said second layer being joined to said fibers in said first layer.
 20. A method of culturing cells, said method comprising: providing a bioreactor, said bioreactor comprising: a reservoir container for holding a liquid medium; a manifold assembly, said manifold assembly comprising an upper manifold and a lower manifold, said lower manifold having a lower end extending into said reservoir container; a holder, said holder being contained within said manifold assembly, said holder holding a plurality of fiber assemblies that are suitable for cells to grow on; and a circulation system for causing the liquid medium to flow through said lower manifold and said fiber assemblies and said upper manifold, wherein the liquid medium flows through a sequence that comprises (a) one of said fiber assemblies, wherein said one of said fiber assemblies comprises a plurality of solid fibers that are joined to others of said solid fibers at crossing points with others of said solid fibers, followed by (b) an open region in which the liquid medium flows generally perpendicular to said one of said fiber assemblies through space not occupied by any solid object, wherein said sequence repeats itself a plurality of times along a direction of flow of the liquid medium, wherein said fiber assemblies are held in said holder such that said fiber assemblies do not touch any neighboring one of said fiber assemblies under static conditions and do not touch any neighboring one of said fiber assemblies under conditions of flow of the liquid medium during cell culture, wherein an internal cross-sectional dimension of said lower manifold below said holder, an internal cross-sectional dimension of said upper manifold above said holder, and an internal cross-sectional dimension of said holder are all substantially equal to each other, and wherein a side-to-side dimension of said fiber assembly is larger than a corresponding inside dimension of said holder, and said side-to-side dimension of said fiber assembly is smaller than a corresponding inside dimension of said manifold assembly in which said holder resides; seeding cells onto said fiber assemblies; operating said circulation system under conditions appropriate for the cells to multiply into a plurality of cultured cells; and harvesting the cultured cells from said bioreactor. 